Barbara Gans Tversky

Curriculum Vitae

Box 165, 525 W. 120th St, Columbia Teachers College

New York, N. Y. 10027

 

Contact Information:

 

Tel.:     (212) 678-6669 

Fax:     (212) 678-3837

Email:  bt@psych.stanford.edu

 

Education:

 

1963 B.A. in Psychology, University of Michigan

1965 M.A. in Psychology, University of Michigan

1969 Ph.D. in Psychology, University of Michigan

 

Professional Positions:

 

1968-1970       Lecturer, Department of Psychology, Hebrew University

1970-1971       NIMH Postdoctoral Fellowship, Psychology, Stanford University

1971-1972       Postdoctoral Research, Psychology, University of Oregon

1972-1977       Lecturer, Department of Psychology, Hebrew University

1974                Visiting Associate Professor, Psychology, University of Michigan

1977-1978       Visiting Scholar, Psychology, Stanford University

1978-1986       Senior Lecturer, Psychology, Stanford University

1986-1991       Associate Professor, Psychology, Stanford University

1991-2006       Professor, Psychology, Stanford University

2006-               Professor Emerita of Psychology, Stanford University

2005-               Professor of Psychology and Education, Columbia Teachers College

 

Awards

 

Distinguished Software Award, EDUCOM/NCRIPTAL, 1990

Fellow, American Psychological Society, 1995

Phi Beta Kappa Excellence in Teaching Award, 1999

Fellow, Cognitive Science Society, 2002

Society of Experimental Psychology 2004

Fellow, Russell-Sage Foundation, 2004-2005

 

National and International Committees

 

Executive Committee, International Union of Psychological Sciences, 2004-2008

Governing Board: Psychonomic Society, 2001-2006

Governing Board:  Cognitive Science Society, 2003-2007

U. S. National Committee of the International Union of Psychological Sciences 2001-2007

U. S. Head Delegate to the International Union of Psychological Sciences, 2004

U. S Delegate to the International Union of Psychological Sciences, 2002

Board of Trustees, WonderFest

Board, Federation of Behavioral, Psychological, and Cognitive Sciences

Member, National Academy of Sciences Committee, ÒSupport for Thinking Spatially.Ó

Member, National Academy of Sciences Committee, ÒVisualization of Uncertain Data.Ó

 

Editorial Boards

 

European Journal of Cognitive Psychology (2001-2005). Associate Editor

Cognitive Processing (1999-   )

Spatial Cognition and Computation (1997-    )

Cognitive Psychology (1995-2002), Associate Editor

Memory and Cognition (1989-2001)

Journal of Experimental Psychology:  General (1982-1988)

Journal of Experimental Psychology:  Learning, Memory and Cognition (1976-1982)

Psychological Research (1976-1984)

 

Organizing Committees

 

ECAI Workshop on Time and Space, Amsterdam, 1994.

Workshop on the Semantics of Time, Space, and Movement, sponsored by the Group on Language, Reasoning and Computation at UniversitŽ Paul Sabatier and UniversitŽ Toulouse-Mireil, Toulouse, France, June, 1995.

Third International Conference on Spatial Information Processing, Vienna, September, 1995.

AAAI Workshop on Cognitive and Computational Models of Space, Stanford, California, March, 1996.

NCGIA Conference on Naive Geography, San Marcos, Texas, November, 1996.

AAAI Workshop on Language and Space, Providence, RI, July, 1997.

Conference on Spatial Cognition, Rome, September, 1997. Co-organizer.

Fourth International Conference on Spatial Information Processing, Pennsylvania, October, 1997.

Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society of Ireland.  Dublin, August, 1998.

Varenius Initiative on Multiple Modalities and Multiple Reference Frames, Santa Barbara, February, 1999.

International Roundtable Conference on Visual and Spatial Reasoning in Design: Computational and Cognitive Approaches.  Co-organizer.  Cambridge, MA, June, 1999.

Fifth International Conference on Spatial Information Processing, Hamburg, Germany, August, 1999.

AAAI Spring Symposium on Smart Graphics. Stanford, March, 2000.

GIS Science Õ00,  Savanna, GA, March, 2000.

Diagrams 2000: An International Conference on the Theory and Application of Diagrams, University of Edinburgh, September 1-3, 2000.

First International Conference on Smart Graphics, New York, March, 2001.

Second International Roundtable Conference on Visual and Spatial Reasoning in Design.  Bellagio, Italy July, 2001.

Sixth International Conference on Spatial Information Processing, Morro Bay, CA, September, 2001.

Cognitive Aspects of Visualizations, Stanford, October, 2001.  Organizer

Diagrams 2002: Second International Conference on the Theory and Application of Diagrams, Atlanta, GA, April, 2002.

GIS Science Õ02, Boulder, Colorado, September, 2002.

Spatial Thinking in the Humanities and Sciences, Stanford, October, 2002. Organizer.

Seventh International Conference on Spatial Information Processing, Switzerland, August, 2003

Diagrams Õ04, March, Cambridge, England.

Vice-Chair, Conference on Intelligence in Design and Design Cognition, MIT, July, 2004.

Co-Chair, Visualspatial Reasoning in Design, MIT, July, 2004

Cognitive Science Society, Chicago, July 2006.

GIS Science Õ04, College Park, Maryland, October, 2004.

Spatial Cognition Õ04, Lake Chiemsee, Germany, October, 2004.

National Academy of Sciences Conference on Visualizing Uncertainty, Washington, DC, March, 2005.

Workshop on Image and Meaning 2, Getty Museum, Los Angeles, June, 2005.

Cognitive Science Society, Stresa, July, 2005.

Eighth International Conference on Spatial Information Processing, Buffalo, October, 2005.

Workshop on Spatial Language and Dialogue, Delmenhorst, Germany, October, 2005.

Computational and Cognitive Models of Creative Design, Heron Island,  December, 2005

Diagrams 2006, Stanford, California, June 2006

Model Based Reasoning, Guangzhou, China, July, 2006

Design Computation and Cognition, Eindhoven, July, 2006

Workshop on Constructing and Understainding Visuo-spatial Representations in Design Thinking, Eindhoven, July, 2006

Cognitive Science Society, Vancouver, August, 2006.

GIS Science Ô06, Muenster, Germany, September, 2006

International Conference on Spatial Cognition, Rome, September, 2006

Spatial Cognition 2006, Bremen, September, 2006

Workshop on Space Syntax and Spatial Cognition, Bremen, September, 2006

Design Research Symposium, Seoul, Korea, November, 2006

Gordon Conference on Scientific Visualization, Providence, July, 2007

 

 

Publications

 

1969     Tversky, B. (1969). Pictorial and verbal encoding in a short-term memory task.        Perception & Psychophysics, 5, 225-233.

 

1973     Tversky, B.(1973a). Encoding processes in recognition and recall. Cognitive            Psychology, 5, 275-287.

           

Tversky, B. (1973b). Pictorial and verbal encoding in pre-school children.    Developmental Psychology, 8, 149-153.

 

1974     Tversky, B. (1974a). Breadth of pictorial and verbal codes in memory. Bulletin of the           Psychonomic Science Society, 4, 65-68.

 

            Tversky, B. (1974b). Eye fixations in prediction of recognition and recall. Memory and       Cognition, 2, 275-278.

 

            Tversky, B. (1974c). Retrieval of pictorial and verbal stimulus codes. Bulletin of the             Psychonomic Science Society, 4 (6), 580-581.

 

1975     Tversky, B. (1975). Pictorial encoding in sentence-picture comparison. Quarterly    Journal of Experimental Psychology, 27, 405-410.

 

            Tversky, B., & Sherman, T. (1975). Picture-memory improves with longer on-time and       off-time. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory,          104, (2), 114-118.

 

1976     Tversky, B., & Teiffer, E. (1976). Development of strategies for recall and recognition.       Developmental Psychology, 12, 406-410.

 

1979     Tversky, B. (1979). Pictorial representations in adults and children. Quarterly Journal        of Experimental Psychology, 31, 397-408.

 

            Tversky, B., Havousha, S., & Poller, A. (1979). Noun-modifier order in a semantic             verification task. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 13, 31-34.

 

1981      Melkman, R., Tversky, B., & Baratz, D. (1981). Developmental trends in the use of            perceptual and conceptual attributes in grouping, clustering and retrieval.             Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 31, 470-486.

 

Tversky, B. (1981). Distortions in memory for maps. Cognitive Psychology, 13, 407-          433.

 

1982      Tversky, B. (1982). Rebirth of Learning.  Review of J. R. Anderson (Ed.), Cognitive                      skills and their acquisition.  Contemporary Psychology, 27, 679-80.

 

1983     Freyd, J., & Tversky, B. (1984). The force of symmetry in form perception. American        Journal of Psychology, 97, 109-126.

 

Tversky, B., & Hemenway, K. (1983). Categories of scenes. Cognitive Psychology,            15, 121-149.

 

1984     Tversky, B. (1984). Citation classic. Current Contents, 16, 13, 18.

 

            Tversky, B., & Hemenway, K. (1984). Objects, parts, and categories. Journal of     Experimental Psychology: General, 113, 169-193.

 

 1985    Tversky, B. (1985a). Categories and parts. In C. Craig & T. Givon (Eds.), Noun                             classes and categorization (pp. 63-75). Philadelphia: John Benjamins

Publishing Co.

 

Tversky, B. (1985b). The development of taxonomic organization in named and pictured categories. Developmental Psychology, 21, 1111-1119.

 

            Tversky, B., & Baratz, D. (1985). Memory for faces: Are caricatures better than      photographs? Memory and Cognition, 13, 45-49.

 

1987     Novick, L. R., & Tversky, B. (1987). Cognitive constraints on ordering operations:             The case of geometric analogies. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 116, 50-67.

 

1989     Tversky, B. (1989). Parts, partonomies, and taxonomies. Developmental Psychology,          25, 983-995.

 

Tversky, B., & Schiano, D. (1989). Perceptual and conceptual factors in distortions in         memory for maps and graphs. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General,          118, 387-398.

 

Tversky, B., & Tuchin, M. (1989). A reconciliation of evidence on eyewitness         testimony: Comments on McCloskey & Zaragoza (1985). Journal of             Experimental Psychology: General, 118, 86-91.

           

 

1990     Franklin, N., & Tversky, B. (1990). Searching imagined environments. Journal of   Experimental Psychology: General, 119, 63-76.

 

            Tversky, B. (1990a). Experiments in cognitive psychology (A Macintosh Laboratory).        Stanford University: Office of Technology Licensing. Distinguished Software          Award, EDUCOM/NCRIPTAL, 1990.

 

Tversky, B. (1990b). Where partonomies and taxonomies meet. In S. L. Tsohatzidis            (Ed.), Meanings and prototypes: Studies on linguistic categorization (pp. 334-     344). London: Routledge.

 

1991     Tversky, B. (1991a). Distortions in memory for visual displays. In S. R. Ellis (Ed.) &         M. K. Kaiser & A. Grunwald (Assoc. Eds.), Pictorial communication in             virtual and real environments (pp. 61-75). London: Taylor and Francis.

 

            Tversky, B. (1991b).Spatial mental models. In G. H. Bower (Ed.), The Psychology of         Learning and Motivation: Advances in Research and Theory. Vol. 27 (pp. 109-         145). N. Y.: Academic Press.

 

Tversky, B., & Hemenway, K. (1991). Parts and the basic level in natural categories and artificial stimuli: Comments on Murphy (1991). Memory and Cognition, 19, 439-442.

 

            Tversky, B., Kugelmass, S., & Winter, A. (1991). Cross-cultural and developmental           trends in graphic productions. Cognitive Psychology, 23, 515-557.

 

1992     Bryant, D. J., & Tversky, B. (1992). Assessing spatial frameworks with object and             direction probes. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 30, 29-32.

 

            Bryant, D. J., Tversky, B., & Franklin, N. (1992). Internal and external spatial         frameworks for representing described scenes. Journal of Memory and             Language, 31, 74-98.

 

            Franklin, N., Tversky, B., & Coon, V. (1992). Switching points of view in spatial   mental models acquired from text. Memory and Cognition, 20, 507-518.

 

            Schiano, D., & Tversky, B. (1992). Structure and strategy in viewing simple graphs.           Memory and Cognition, 20, 12-20.

 

            Taylor, H. A., & Tversky, B. (1992a). Descriptions and depictions of environments.           Memory and Cognition, 20, 483-496.

 

            Taylor, H. A., & Tversky, B. (1992b). Spatial mental models derived from survey and        route descriptions. Journal of Memory and Language, 31, 261-282.

 

            Tversky, B. (1992a). Distortions in cognitive maps. Geoforum, 23, 131-138.

 

            Tversky, B. (1992b). Images before and behind the eye. Review of Images and        Understanding, edited by H. Barlow, C. Blakemore & M. Weston-Smith.             Contemporary Psychology, 37, 931-932.

 

            Tversky, B. (1992c). Spatial mental representations. In N. H. Narayanan, B.            Chandrasekaran, Y. Iwasaki, & H. Simon (Eds.), Reasoning with             diagrammatic representations. Proceedings of the 1992 AAAI Spring             Conference. AAAI Technical Report. Menlo Park, CA: AAAI.

 

1993     Tversky, B. (1993a). Cognitive maps, cognitive collages, and spatial mental models. In        A. U. Frank & I. Campari (Eds.), Spatial information theory: A theoretical       basis for GIS. (pp. 14-24). Berlin: Springer-Verlag.

 

            Tversky, B. (1993b). Some challenges for a computational account of imagery.        Computational Intelligence, 9, 362-365.

 

            Tversky, B., & Clark, H. H. (1993). Prepositions aren't places. Brain and    Behavioral       Sciences, 16:2, 252-253.

 

1994     Tversky, B. (1994). Experiments in cognitive psychology: Version 2. (A Macintosh            Laboratory). Stanford: Office of Technology Licensing.

 

            Tversky, B., Franklin, N., Taylor, H. A., & Bryant, D. J. (1994).Spatial mental        models from descriptions. Journal of the American Society for Information             Science, 45(9), 656-668.

 

1995     Bryant, D. J., Lanca, M., & Tversky, B. (1995). Spatial concepts and perception of physical and diagrammed scenes. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 81, 531-546.

 

            Taylor, H. A., & Tversky, B. (1995). Assessing spatial representation using text.     Geographical Systems, 2, 235-254.

 

            Tversky, B. (1995a). Cognitive origins of graphic conventions. In F. T. Marchese   (Ed.). Understanding images. (pp. 29-53). New York: Springer-Verlag.

 

            Tversky, B. (1995b). Perception and cognition of 2D and 3D graphics. Human Factors      in Computing Systems. (p. 175). New York: ACM.

 

Tversky, B. (1995c). Some memory issues for the 90's. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 9, 451-452.

 

            Tversky, B. (1995d). Speculations on cognitive origins of graphic conventions. In G.          Ben Shakhar & A. Lieblich (Eds.), Studies in psychology: In honor of S.             Kugelmass. (pp. 300-321). Jerusalem: Magnes Press.

 

1996     Levy, E., Zacks, J., Tversky, B., & Schiano, D. (1996). Gratuitous graphics: Putting           preferences in perspective. Human factors in computing systems: Conference      proceedings (pp. 42-49). NY: ACM.

 

            Suwa, M., & Tversky, B. (1996). What architects see in their sketches: Implications for       design tools. Human factors in computing systems: Conference companion (pp.           191-192). NY: ACM.

 

            Taylor, H. A., & Tversky, B. (1996). Perspective in spatial descriptions. Journal of             Memory and Language, 35, 371-391.

 

            Tversky, B. (1996). Spatial perspective in descriptions. In P. Bloom, M. A. Peterson,          L. Nadel, & M. Garrett (Eds.), Language and space. (pp. 463-491).             Cambridge:      MIT Press.

 

1997      McBeath, M. K., Schiano, D. J., & Tversky, B. (1997). Three-dimensional bilateral

symmetry bias in judgments of figural identity and orientation. Psychological Science, 8, 217-223.

 

Morrison, J. B., & Tversky, B. (1997). Body schemas. In M. G. Shafto & P. Langley (Eds.), Proceedings of the Meetings of the Cognitive Science Society. (pp. 525-529). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.

 

            Stein, N., Ornstein, P., Tversky, B., & Brainerd, C. (Eds.) (1997). Memory for        emotion and everyday events. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.

 

            Suwa, M., & Tversky, B. (1997). What architects and students perceive in their       sketches: A protocol analysis. Design Studies, 18, 385-403.

 

            Taylor, H. A., & Tversky, B. (1997). Indexing events in memory: Evidence for index          preferences. Memory, 5, 509-542.

 

Tversky, B. (1997a). Memory for pictures, environments, maps, and graphs. In D. Payne & F. Conrad (Eds.), Intersections in basic and applied memory             research. (pp. 257-277). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.

 

Tversky, B. (1997b). Spatial constructions. In N. Stein, P. Ornstein, B. Tversky, & C. Brainerd (Eds.) Memory for emotion and everyday events. (pp. 181-208).  Mahwah, N. J.:  Erlbaum.

 

            Tversky, B., & Schiano, D. (1997). Distortions in visual memory: A Reply to          Engebretson and Huttenlocher's Comments on Tversky and Schiano. Journal of  Experimental Psychology: General, 126, 212-214

 

            Tversky, B., Taylor, H. A., & Mainwaring, S. (1997). Langage et perspective spatial           (Spatial perspectives in language). In M. Denis (Ed.), Langage et cognition         spatiale. (pp. 25-49). Paris: Masson.

 

            Zacks, J., & Tversky, B. (1997). What's happening? The structure of event perception.        Proceedings of the Meetings of the Cognitive Science Society. Mahwah, NJ:      Erlbaum

 

1998      Tversky, B. (1998). Three dimensions of spatial cognition. In M. A. Conway, S. E.             Gathercole, & C. Cornoldi (Eds.). Theories of memory II. (pp. 259-275).             Hove, East Sussex: Psychological Press.

 

Tversky, B., & Lee, P. U. (1998). How space structures language. In C. Freksa, C. Habel, & K. F. Wender (Eds.), Spatial Cognition:  An interdisciplinary approach to representation and processing of spatial knowledge. (Pp. 157-175).  Berlin: Springer-Verlag.

 

            Tversky, B., & Taylor, H. A. (1998). Acquiring spatial and temporal knowledge from         language. In M. J. Egenhofer & R. G. Golledge (Eds.), Spatial and             temporal          reasoning. (pp. 155-166). N. Y.: Oxford.

 

            Zacks, J., Levy, E., Tversky, B., & Schiano, D. J. (1998). Reading bar graphs:        Effects of depth cues and graphical context. Journal of Experimental             Psychology: Applied, 4, 119-138.

 

1999     Bryant, D. J., & Tversky, B. (1999). Mental representations of spatial relations from           diagrams and models. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory           and Cognition, 25, 137-156.

 

            Gero, J. S., & Tversky, B. (Editors). (1999). Visual and spatial reasoning in design.           Sydney, Australia: Key Centre of Design Computing and Cognition.

 

Mark, D. M., Freksa, C., Hirtle, S.C., Lloyd, R., and Tversky, B., (1999).

Cognitive models of geographic space. International Journal of Geographic

Information Science, 13(8), 747-774.

 

            Mark, D. M., Smith, B., & Tversky, B. (1999). Ontology and geographic objects: An         empirical study of cognitive categorization. In Freksa, C., & Mark, D. M.             (Eds.). Spatial information theory: cognitive and computational foundations            of geographic information science. (pp. 283-298). Berlin: Springer.

 

            Tversky, B. (1999a). Talking about space. Contemporary Psychology, 44, 39-40.

 

            Tversky, B. (1999b). What does drawing reveal about thinking? In J. S. Gero & B.             Tversky (Eds.), Visual and spatial reasoning in design. (pp. 93-101). Sydney,           Australia: Key Centre of Design Computing and Cognition.

 

Tversky, B., Kim, J., & Cohen, A. (1999). Mental models of spatial relations and transformations from language. In C. Habel & G. Rickheit (Eds.), Mental models in discourse processing and reasoning.  Pp. 239-258. Amsterdam: North-Holland.

 

Tversky, B., & Lee, P. U. (1999). Pictorial and verbal tools for conveying routes. In Freksa, C., & Mark, D. M. (Eds.). Spatial information theory: cognitive and computational foundations of geographic information science. (Pp. 51 64.) Berlin: Springer.

 

            Tversky, B., Morrison, J. B., Franklin, N., & Bryant, D.J. (1999). Three spaces of spatial cognition. Professional Geographer, 51, 516-524.

 

            Tversky, B. Lee, P. U., and Mainwaring, S. (1999).  Why speakers mix perspectives.

                        Journal of Spatial Cognition and Computation, 1, 399-412.

 

            Zacks, J., Rypma, B., Gabrieli, J. D. E., Tversky, B., & Glover, G. H., (1999).        Imagined transformations of the body: An fMRI study. Neuropsychologia,             37(9), 1029-1040.

 

            Zacks, J., & Tversky, B. (1999). Bars and lines: A study of graphic communication.            Memory and Cognition, 27, 1073-1079.

 

2000    Betrancourt, M., & Tversky, B. (2000). Effects of computer animation on

usersÕ performance: A review. Le travail humain, 63, 311-329.

 

Tversky, B. (2000a). Levels and structure of cognitive mapping. In R. Kitchin & S. M. Freundschuh (Eds.). Cognitive mapping: Past, present and future. Pp.  London: Routledge.

 

Tversky, B. (2000b). Remembering space. In E. Tulving & F. I. M. Craik (Eds.), Handbook of Memory. Pp. 363-378.  New York: Oxford University Press.

 

Tversky, B. (2000c) Some ways that maps and graphs communicate.  In Freksa, C., Brauer, W., Habel, C and Wender, K. F.. (Eds.), Spatial  cognitiion II:  Integrating abstract theories, empirical studies, formal methods, and practical applications.  Pp. 72-79. N. Y.:  Springer.

 

Tversky, B. (2000d). What maps reveal about spatial thinking. Developmental Science, 3, 281- 282.

 

Tversky, B., & Marsh, E. (2000). Biased retellings of events yield biased memories.

Cognitive Psychology, 40, 1-38.

 

Tversky, B, Zacks, J., Lee, P. U., & Heiser, J. (2000). Lines, blobs, crosses, and arrows: Diagrammatic communication with schematic figures.  In M. Anderson, P. Cheng, and V. Haarslev (Editors). Theory and application of diagrams.  Pp. 221-230. Berlin:  Springer.

 

Emmorey, K., Tversky, B., & Taylor, H. A.  (2000) Using space to describe space:

              Perspective in speech, sign, and gesture.  Journal of Spatial Cognition and

              Computation, 2, 157-180.

 

Tversky, B. (2000). Mental models. In A. E. Kazdin, (Editor.), Encyclopedia of   Psychology. Washington, DC: APA Press.

 

Zacks, J. M., Mires, J., Tversky, B., and Hazeltine, E.  (2000). Mental spatial  transformations of objects and perspective.  Journal of Spatial Cognition and Computation, 2, 315-332.

 

Tversky, B. (2000). Spatial cognition in psychology. In R. Goldstone, Editor, Encyclopedia   of cognitive sciences.  London:  MacMillan.

 

Tversky, B. (2000). Mental models. In A. E. Kazdin, (Editor.), Encyclopedia of Psychology. Washington, DC: APA Press.

 

 

 

2001  Byrant, D. J., Tversky, B., and Lanca, M. (2001). Retrieving spatial relations from

            observation and memory.  In E. van der Zee & U. Nikanne (Eds.), Conceptual structure and its interfaces with other modules of representation.  Pp. 116-139. Oxford:  Oxford University Press.

         

          Tversky, B. (2001). Spatial schemas in depictions. In M. Gattis (Ed.), Spatial schemas and abstract thought.  Pp. 79-111. Cambridge: MIT Press.

 

          Zacks, J., Tversky, B., &  Iyer, G. (2001). Perceiving, remembering and communicating structure in events. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 136, 29-58.

 

Zacks, J., & Tversky, B. (2001). Event structure in perception and conception. Psychological Bulletin, 127, 3-21.

 

          Zacks, J., Levy, E., Tversky, B., & Schiano, D. (2001). Graphs in use. In Anderson, M., Meyer, B., & Olivier, P. (Eds.), Diagrammatic Reasoning and Representation..  Pp. 187-206.  Berlin: Springer.

 

Suwa, M., & Tversky, B. (2001a). How do designers shift their focus of attention in their own sketches? In Anderson, M., Meyer, B., & Olivier, P. (Eds.), Diagrammatic Reasoning and Representation.. Pp. 241-260. Berlin: Springer.

 

          Morrison, J. B., and Tversky, B. (2001). The (In) effectiveness of animation in instruction.  In Jacko, J. and Sears, A. (Editors), Chi 001:  Extended Abstracts. Pp. 377-378.  Danvers, MA:  ACM.